Why Men and Women Feel Pain Differently—and What It Means for Treatment

New research suggests men and women may experience pain differently due to biological factors. Studies in mice and humans point to immune system variations that affect recovery times. These findings could shape future treatments for chronic pain, particularly for women.

A recent study published in Science Immunology found that male mice recovered faster from pain and stress than females. The reason appears linked to interleukin-10, a molecule that reduces inflammation and pain signals. In male mice, this molecule was far more active, helping them bounce back quicker.

In humans, similar patterns emerged. Men's immune systems produce higher levels of interleukin-10, partly due to testosterone. This hormone seems to enhance the body's ability to switch off pain. Women, on the other hand, are statistically more likely to suffer from long-lasting chronic pain.

Current treatments for chronic pain—such as opioids, antidepressants, and anti-seizure drugs—often come with side effects. Long-term use of common painkillers can also damage the kidneys or stomach lining. Despite ongoing research at centres like the University of Würzburg, no 2024 study has yet led to approved gender-specific therapies.

Researchers suggest potential new options, like testosterone patches for women, could help address these differences. However, more trials are needed before such treatments become widely available.

The findings highlight a biological basis for differences in pain perception between genders. While no immediate clinical breakthroughs have emerged, the research opens doors for more targeted therapies. For now, existing treatments remain the primary options, though their limitations persist.